There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility（modesty） of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 . No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to 7 . When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital.
1. ［Ａ］ inform［B］ promise［C］ enable［D］ assure
2. ［Ａ］ of［B］ for［C］ to［D］ with
3. ［Ａ］ subject［B］ issue［C］ matter［D］ image
4. ［Ａ］ unreasonably［B］ unprofitably［C］ unwillingly［D］ uncritically
5. ［Ａ］ disturbed［B］ disguised［C］ intervened［D］ interrupted
6. ［Ａ］ dreadful［B］ respectful［C］ harmful［D］ faithful
7. ［Ａ］ go［B］ come［C］ pass［D］ emerge
8. ［Ａ］ big［B］ end［C］ late［D］ last
9. ［Ａ］ such［B］ much［C］ most［D］ this
10. ［Ａ］ symbols［B］ signs［C］ marks［D］ trails
11. ［Ａ］ confining［B］ demanding［C］ taking［D］ pushing
12. ［Ａ］ extraordinary［B］ exceptional［C］ excessive［D］ extravagant
13. ［Ａ］ show［B］ appear［C］ prove［D］ indicate
14. ［Ａ］ through［B］ with［C］ among［D］ from
15. ［Ａ］ focus［B］ conferring［C］ imposing［D］ installing
16. ［Ａ］ pages［B］ covers［C］ lines［D］ words
17. ［Ａ］ position［B］ situation［C］ status［D］ dilemma
18. ［Ａ］ disposed［B］ discerned［C］ discharged［D］ dispersed
19. ［Ａ］ polishing［B］ regulating［C］ furnishing［D］ forwarding
20. ［Ａ］ from［B］ with［C］ over［D］ for
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
Half the world’s population will be speaking or learning English by 2015,researchers say.Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate.
Other languages,such as French,risk becoming the casualties of this “linguistic globalization”.But the boom will be over by 2050 and the English-language teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success,says David Graddol,author of the report,The Future of English.
Mr.Graddol’s research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for English-language teaching around the world.The lecturer,who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years,said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050.
It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education,Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision,demographic projections,government education policies and international student mobility figures.The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese government’s policy of one baby per family were also factored in.
Based on its findings,Mr.Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English.“Many governments,especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence,are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.”
“But English predominates in the business world,and for such countries to be able to compete for work,including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts,English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.”
The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia,and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language.
Mr.Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“English-language students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,”he said,“Increasingly,as English spread across the globe,more people will become bilingual,even multi-lingual and such skills are highly prized in business.But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.”
The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading,and the world,far from being dominated by English,was to become more multi-lingual.Mr.Graddol said,“Chinese,Arabic and Spanish are all popular,and likely to be languages of the future.”
21. It is estimated that in a decade English will be
［A］ actively studied by over 200 million people.
［B］ freely spoken by global English learners.
［C］ popular with over 80% of world inhabitants.
［D］ really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.
22. According to the text,“linguistic globalization” will
［A］ eliminate French from the globe.
［B］ defeat other European languages.
［C］ fail all languages except English.
［D］ make English the biggest winner.
23. David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will
［A］ terminate within half a century.
［B］ climax in the middle of the century.
［C］ endure for no less than five decades.
［D］ quit till the beginning of the 2050s.
24. The report “The Future of English” factored in all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ the educational condition and policy.
［B］ the directions and designs of Unesco.
［C］ the statistics about population.
［D］ the movements of overseas students.
25. The writer of the report deems that outsourcing is to
［A］ result in the increase of English subjects.
［B］ lead to the drop of interest in English study.
［C］ account for the further spread of English.
［D］ bring about transition in college curricula.
Text2
For three decades we’ve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic(increasing oxygen consumption)exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(跑步机） to reap the rewards. But the story is changing. Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon general’s office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow” training. Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snail’s pace—making each “rep”(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven—you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefits are often dramatic.
Almost anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise—leg press, bench press, shoulder press and so on—you set the machine to provide only moderate resistance. But as you draw out each rep, depriving yourself of impetus, the weight soon feels unbearable. Defying the impulse to stop, you keep going until you can’t complete a rep. Then you sustain your vain effort for 10 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle. Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally. But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workout, it can become almost pleasure.
The goal is not to burn calories while you’re exercising but to make your body burn them all the time. Running a few miles may make you sweat, but it expends only 100 calories per mile, and it doesn’t stimulate much bone or muscle development. Strength training doesn’t burn many calories, either. But when you push a muscle to failure, you set off a pour of physiological changes. As the muscle recovers over several days, it will thicken—and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance. By the time you add three pounds of muscle, your body requires an extra 9,000 calories a month just to break even. Hold your diet steady and, very quickly, you are vaporizing body fat.
One might have benefited from any strength-training program. But advocates insist the slow technique is safer and more effective than traditional methods.
26.Many Americans have taken to the treadmill for years by virtue of
［A］ its inherent awards to their health.
［B］ its greater consumption of oxygen.
［C］ the compliment paid by authorities.
［D］ the actual benefits from the exercise.
27. According to the author,“Super Slow” training
［A］ has been misunderstood for decades.
［B］ has been widely accepted recently.
［C］ has been the basis of weight lifting.
［D］ has become the nucleus of aerobics.
28. In practicing slow lifting, one has to
［A］ complete each rep with great demands for his muscles.
［B］ bear the unendurable reaction caused by the training.
［C］ suffer the bitter effect called forth by the exercise.
［D］ exert unusual pressure on his legs and shoulders.
29. Slow weight lifters are required to make each rep
［A］ without using any driving force.
［B］ without movement of their body.
［C］ with unbearable iron weights.
［D］ with the feeling of muscle failure.
30. The phrase “to break even”(Line 7,Par.3) most probably means
［A］ to upset physical energy balance.
［B］ to disturb the calmness of the body.
［C］ to gain a greater profit than a loss.
［D］ to make neither a profit nor a loss.
Text3
In both developed and developing nations, governments finance, produce, and distribute various goods and services. In recent years, the range of goods provided by the government has extended broadly, including many goods that do not meet the economic purist’s definition of “public goods”. As the size of the public sector has increased steadily, there has been a growing concern about the effectiveness of the public sector’s performance as producer.
Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States.
Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries.
This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outcomes of privatization in developing countries.
One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality.
The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the common expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited competitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction.
Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national level.
31. It can be inferred from the text that economic purists
[A] oppose shifting goods from public to private.
[B] support the substantial reform of privatization.
[C] approve privatization only in developed nations.
[D] have a strict description of public merchandise.
32. Since 1980s, there has been
[A] broad international support for privatization.
[B] much evidence for privatization in poor nations.
[C] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies.
[D] maximum dependence on private capital in the U.S..
33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of
[A] attaining political stability.
[B] making major policy shifts.
[C] upgrading basic urban economy.
[D] enhancing production efficiency.
34. The author’s appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries
[A] direct administration of services requires more capital.
[B] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired.
[C] privatization is politically unfit for their economies.
[D] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed.35. The author’s primary intention is to
[A] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations.
[B] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts.
[C] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World.
[D] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies.
Text4
Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husbandandwife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure.
If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant.
The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic “cement” holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society.
Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners’ social-economic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of governmentsubsidized alimony(maintenance) payments.
36. The text is written with the aim of
[A] analyzing the causes of a phenomenon.
[B] discussing the father’s role in the family.
[C] advocating reforms in the welfare system.
[D] criticizing some attitudes to welfare recipients.37. Many critics assert it as true that the welfare system is
[A] liable for most divorces.
[B] on the verge of collapse.
[C] to become obsolete.
[D] unjust to the needy.
38. According to the author, the marital stability relies mainly on
[A] the steady income of the couple.
[B] the balance of both sides’ property.
[C] the difference in spousal contributions.
[D] the benefits from government subsidies.
39. All of the following are factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT
[A] the expenditure of child support.
[B] the loss of property upon divorce.
[C] the greater consumption of married people.
[D] the welfare provision for divorced women.
40. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
[A] Welfare restrictions mostly account for family unsteadiness.
[B] Poor family dissolution is little attributed to helpless fathers.
[C] Official welfare payments can slow the growing divorce rate.
[D] Lowincome family disruption results in poor welfare benefits.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about views on environmental and resource problems.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph（41～45）.The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ A bad thing may bring about a good result.
［B］ Pollution and poverty are leading us to destruction.
［C］ The worries of humanists are unfounded.
［D］ God helps those who help themselves.
［E］ Is our planet getting less habitable than it used to be?
［F］ The view on resource crisis deviates from facts.
A great many articles and books discussing environmental and resource problems begin with the proposition that there is an environmental and resource crisis.If this means that the situation of humanity is worse now than in the past,then the idea of a crisis—and all that follows from it—is dead wrong.In almost every respect important to humanity,the trends have been improving,not deteriorating.
41.
Our world now supports 6 billion people.In the nineteenth century,the earth could sustain only 1 billion.And 10,000 years ago,only 1million people could keep themselves alive.People are now living more healthily than ever before.
42.
One would expect lovers of humanity—people who hate war and worry about famine in Africa—to jump with joy at this extraordinary triumph of the human mind and human organization over the raw forces of nature.Instead,they lament (feel sorrow for) that there are so many human beings,and wring their hands about the problems that more people inevitably bring,and the problem that resources will be further diminished.
43.
It is amazing but true that a resource shortage resulting from population or income growth usually leaves us better off than if the shortage had never arisen.If firewood had not become scarce in seventeenth-century England,coal would not have been developed.If coal and whale oil shortages hadn’t loomed,oil wells would not have been dug.
44.
The prices of food,metals,and other raw materials have been declining by every measure since the beginning of the nineteenth century,and as far back as we know;that is,raw materials have been getting less scarce throughout history,defying the common-sense notion that if one begins with an inventory of a resource and uses some up,there will be less left.This is despite,and indirectly because of,increasing population.We don’t say that all is well everywhere,and we don’t predict that all will be rosy in the future.Children are hungry and sick;people live out lives of physical or intellectual poverty and lack of opportunity;war or some other pollution may do us in.
45.
Also,we do not say that a better future happens automatically or without effort.It will happen because men and women—sometimes as individuals,sometimes as enterprises working for profit,sometimes as voluntary nonprofit groups,and sometimes as governmental agencies—will address problems with muscle and mind,and will probably overcome,as has been usual through history.
We are confident that the nature of the physical world permits continued improvement in humankind’s economic lot in the long run,indefinitely.Of course,there are always newly arising local problems,shortages,and pollution,resulting from climate or increased population and income and new technologies.Sometimes temporary large-scale problems arise.But the world’s physical conditions and the resilience(power of recovering quickly)of a well-functioning economic and social system enable us to overcome such problems,and the solutions usually leave us better off than if the problem had never arisen.That is the great lesson to be learned from human history.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies that currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” 46) Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.
Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this practical use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment prevents a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. 47) Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their sequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends (goes beyond) history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic belief of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. 48) Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of truth.
Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history; it also violates the past itself. 49) It denies to the past any integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had many causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. 50) Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
You are preparing for taking the entrance test for MA in economics. Write a letter to the dean of the Economics School of a famous university to enquire about：
1) the subjects to be tested，
2) the number of students for enrollment, and
3) any guiding or training courses.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.(10 points)Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the picture,
2) interpret its implications in life, and
3) support your view with examples.
You should write about 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
答案速查
1~5CBADA 6~10CBDAB 11~15CDBAC 16~20BDACB
21~25CDABC 26~30DBCAD 31~35DADBA 36~40ADCDA
41~45ECAFD
Part C
46. 在用来解答“为什么”问题的各种方法当中，最突出的是个性心理分析法，这种方法的应用产生了心理历史学。
47. 心理历史学获取所需“事实”，不是取自详细记录各种事件及其发生顺序的历史记载，而是取自对构成历史的各个人物进行的个性心理分析；它演绎其学说，不是根据这些人物生活中的某个事例，而是根据超越历史的人性观点。
48. 心理历史学家们不仅确信自己的理论是绝对正确的，而且认为他们的理论对任何历史事件的解释是“最深刻的”，其他解释都不符合实际情况。
49.心理历史学否认过去有其自身的完整性和意向；否认过去人们的活动出于种种动机，否认过去的事件有多种不同的因果。
50.心理历史学不考虑过去具有的特殊性，而是把一切事件，不论过去的和现在的，都同化在一个假定为放之四海而皆准的定数论图式中。
考研书城
会员服务
辅导报名
info@kaoyantj.com
地图